پژوهش نامه مطالعات مرزی
پیاپی 32 (تابستان 1400)

The increasing use of the Internet has led to the creation of social networks that allow individuals to express ideas and feelings in groups. This phenomenon has the advantage of expanding individual and group relationships without face-to-face communication; however, it has now affected the smuggling of goods, especially in border areas, and is increasing more and more. Therefore, it is necessary to study it to promote. This study aims to investigate the impact of social media on the behavior of consumers of smuggled goods. This research is development-applied in terms of purpose and is mixed in terms of method, and falls into the category of mixed research. In the qualitative part, the study was based on grounded theory and semi-structured interviews were used to collect information. Analyzing the data obtained from the interviews during the open, axial, and selective coding process led to the design and explanation of the model. In a small part, the opinions of 25 experts who were familiar with the subject under study were used. Structural equation method was exerted to analyze the data. The results of the quantitative part obtained from Smart-PLS software showed that strategies on outcomes with a path coefficient of 0.652 affect the pattern of behavior of smuggled consumers, background conditions affect strategies with a path coefficient of 0.544, causal conditions affect the central category with a path coefficient of 0.544, the intervening conditions affect the strategies with a path coefficient of 0.416, and finally, the central category affects the strategies with a path coefficient of 0.046. Therefore, it can be concluded that social media standards have a significant impact on the behavior of consumers of smuggled goods.

These days, due to the rapid urbanization and population infestation to cities; numerous issues have arisen. In border cities, due to the distance from the centers, issues such as economic weakness, lack of infrastructure, migration of residents, etc. have intensified. Accordingly, the global focus has shifted to the comprehensive development of cities. The concept of urban sustainable development follows this trend and looks at all aspects of urban development in order to improve the quality of life of communities. Radical geography with the aim of reconstruction, which refers to qualitative changes and structural changes, is one of the important approaches in development. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effective structures on urban sustainable development based on radical geography approach and focusing on the border city of Astara. The research method is descriptive-analytical and in order to identify the main criteria, research literature and theoretical foundations were examined. Finally, the main criteria were extracted in accordance with the opinions of experts. The statistical population of the study includes experts and specialists in the field of geography and urban planning. The statistical sample size according to Sample Power software was 184 people and Purposeful sampling method has also been exploited due to the limited community and specialized field of research. In order to analyze descriptive statistics, SPSS software was used and then Smart-PLS software was exerted to analyze the impact of each dimension of the radical geography approach on sustainable urban development. Finally, according to the results of data analysis, it was found that political-institutional (0.445), economic (0.214), social (0.212) and cultural (0.164) structures have the greatest impact on urban sustainable development, respectively. Therefore, in order to achieve the urban sustainable development, it is necessary to carry out structural reviews with the resulting prioritization which clarifies the need to implement integrated urban management.

Security and a sense of social security are essential needs of human beings. And in border areas, it is more important. Law enforcement and law enforcement companies can provide citizens with a sense of security by increasing social trust and satisfaction. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of law enforcement companies in the sense of social security of citizens of border areas of Golestan province. For this purpose, the theories of Inglehart, Zetomka, and Putnam were used as a theoretical framework. The research method is a survey. According to Cochran's formula, the sampling method is simply random, and the sample size is 380 people. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. Smart PLS and SPSS software was used for data analysis. The questionnaire has face validity, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient (reliability) for the social security sentiment variable is 0.890. The alpha value of the trust variable is 0.837, and the satisfaction of law enforcement companies is 0.858, which is very high and has the necessary alignment.The findings show that the average feeling of social security is slightly above average, and its value is equal to 3.15 (one minimum and five maximum). There is a significant positive and direct relationship between the variables of trust, satisfaction with law enforcement companies and the duration of the establishment of law enforcement companies, and the feeling of social security in the border areas of Golestan province. These variables explained about 72% of the sense of social security changes, and the highest impact was attributed to the satisfaction of law enforcement companies. The result is that citizens have a relatively good sense of social security in maintaining order and security in Golestan province, and the actions of law enforcement companies in this regard are not ineffective.

Security is one of the basic needs of any society. With the growth and development of urbanization and the expansion of cities, and the more complex social relations of citizens in cities, the concept of a sense of security has taken on various economic, social, political, and cultural dimensions. This study seeks to assess the sense of security of citizens in the city of Baneh. The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey. The statistical population includes citizens aged 15-54 in Baneh surveyed by cluster sampling of 207 people. Data were collected through a questionnaire, and research hypotheses were tested and analyzed using SPSS software. The questionnaire had structural and face validity, and Cronbach's alpha reliability of all variables was more significant than 0.70.Findings show that the level of social security based on the situation of both life and financial variables among the citizens of Baneh (based on averages) is in a relatively good range. The results show that the state of social security among different ages is significant. The average sense of security varies by gender, and men feel more secure than women. The status of socio-economic status with (r = 0.361) has a significant relationship with the sense of security. The intensity of the effect is equal to 0.360 for the relationship between physical space and the sense of security. For the relationship between social space and the sense of security, this intensity equals 0.413, which indicates the significance of the relationship. The study results show that social security in the city has a relatively good range, and there is a significant relationship between individual variables and social security. In general, the variance of the urban sense of security variable is explained and predicted by the independent variable of social factors.

Border provinces play a vital role in development and security. One of the manifestations of instability and insecurity in cities is inefficient and worn-out neighborhoods in urban areas. Many of these dysfunctional neighborhoods in historically ancient cities that were once vibrant, attractive, and high-quality have declined in urban, economic, and cultural life for various reasons and have thus lost their charm and quality. Simultaneously with the above issues, paying attention to the old and worn-out textures and eliminating their instability has become a serious and central issue in cities. But in today's world, chaos, rapid change, constant and the emergence of new problems have made planning and policy-making in this area heal the issues on a temporary and short-term basis. In the border city of Urmia, the policies of improvement and modernization applied are mainly coercive, and economy-oriented policies, which have not been very systematic and forward-looking, and therefore have not been very successful in implementation. Therefore, solving these problems will not be possible except by thinking of macro measures and adopting new approaches. Accordingly, in this research, with the futures studies approach, the most important drivers affecting the regeneration of the worn-out textures of Urmia and the development of possible scenarios have been done. Based on the Mick Mac software analysis, out of 46 initial factors, 15 factors have been identified as effective critical drivers. Also, based on the script wizard software, five strong scenarios, 21 plausible scenarios, and 920 weak scenarios have been obtained. From these three categories of scenarios, by performing the validity of the scenarios, plausible scenarios have been introduced as the most probable one for the worn-out texture of Urmia.

The Caspian littoral states, the largest lake globally, failed to reach a comprehensive legal agreement after nearly three decades. For this reason, we will deal with the current dimensions of this water area from a legal perspective and looking at the delimitation of the Iranian maritime border in the north of the country. The lack of precise demarcation of the Caspian Sea is the insistence of the coastal states on their political positions. Developing a legal system in the Caspian Sea requires de-escalating tensions between countries and resolving this issue. These governments must accept historical and geographical facts based on the principle of fairness and cooperation. To advance the border demarcation, given Iran's historical background and long coastline, use legal and technical experts to study the morphology and geology of the bedrock. The synergism created by the scientific debates of technical experts establishes the ground for political agreements and their formulation within the framework of a coherent and complete legal system. The research method is descriptive from the point of view of the purpose, and in terms of collection, it is a library and documents based on the study of documents, researches done, and analysis of facts. This article examines the existing positions on the legal system and its problems by offering solutions to overcome this issue, which leads to the precise delimitation of borders. The findings of the study indicate that Iran's policy on the Caspian Sea should emphasize the resolution of this issue through the International Court of Justice or Permanent Court of Arbitration‎ based on the rule of 20% of the lake bed and subsoil, the right to sail throughout the lake, and oppose the military even by coastal countries, including the establishment of naval bases.

Crimes such as human trafficking and the smuggling of migrants for illegal border crossings are transnational and global crimes. The context of dealing with these crimes clarifies that effective struggle requires cooperation and coordination between countries, especially neighboring countries. This research, with the aim of comparative study and legal discourse of this type of agreement, in addition to international conventions, which the most important is the Palermo Convention, has studied bilateral and multilateral agreements that play an essential role in security and police cooperation between countries. The method of the present study is descriptive-analytical, which examines documents and security agreements and texts of international conventions and then analytically compares the provisions of these documents and the strengths and weaknesses of each of them. The findings show that the conclusion of bilateral agreements is a guarantee for greater and more effective cooperation and coordination of countries than conventions and other international laws. And the most effective type of cooperation is the security agreements concluded between the countries, which is an essential step in the fight against human and migrant trafficking. The present study results indicate that the effective fight against human and migrant trafficking as an example of transnational organized crime requires technical, educational, research, border, police, and intelligence cooperation between countries. Also, just concluding these agreements is not enough, and the most critical challenge is to implement these agreements and make them effective. This requires de-escalating tensions with other countries, especially neighboring ones, and establishing good diplomatic relations with other countries; otherwise, the treaty countries will refuse to implement the agreement for various reasons.